Standard math notation writes the (mod ) on the right to tell you what notion of sameness ≡ means. Check Your Understanding. What do each of these mean? When are they true? This statement is …

Since 0 < b(MOD m) < m esentatives for the class of numbers x ≡ b(mod m). Ex. 2 The standard representa 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 although, for example, 3 ≡ 13 ≡ 23(mod 10), we would take the …

The study of the properties of the system of remainders is called modular arithmetic. It is an essential tool in number theory. 2.1. Definition of Z/nZ In this section we give a careful treatment of the …

Modulo 2 arithmetic is performed digit by digit on binary numbers. Each digit is considered independently from its neighbours. Numbers are not carried or borrowed. Modulo 2 …

In the “Modular Arithmetic: Under the Hood” video, we will prove it. This example is a proof that you can’t, in general, reduce the exponents with respect to the modulus.

Let R be a relation on the set A. Recall that a relation R is a subset of the cartesian product A×A (R⊆A×A). The relation R is called an equivalence …

4.2.2.2 Individual generating plant consisting of multiple generating units that are directly connected at a common BES bus with total generation greater than 75 MVA (gross aggregate nameplate rating).