and there is also a hemodynamically significant lesion in the proximal left subclavian artery. Flow reversal can occur in both the vertebral and internal mammary artery, or can be isolated to ...

Jenkins et al. retrospectively reviewed their series of 105 patients who underwent endovascular stenting for symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis in 112 vertebral arteries. 1 Their patient ...

In addition, in cases of subclavian steal from the vertebral artery, there is a graded system showing a progressive change in the ipsilateral vertebral artery waveform. Grade I lesions demonstrate ...