KINGSTON, Jamaica — The quest for a U.S. presidential pardon for revolutionary Black nationalist leader Marcus Mosiah Garvey began more than 100 years ago, immediately after Garvey was convicted on ...

When Marcus ... empire, were unrealistic and ill-advised; they considered the Universal Negro Improvement Association's grandiose titles and military regalia to be preposterous; and they thought ...

When Marcus Garvey died in 1940 the role of the British Empire was already being challenged by India and the rising expectations of her African colonies. Marcus Garvey's avocation of African ...