The first law of thermodynamics states the principle of energy conservation for systems in which heat and work interactions can take place and the internal energy of the system can change. Using unit ...

The first and second laws of thermodynamics. Entropy and equilibrium. Material and energy balances. Equations of state and properties of fluids. Solutions, phase equilibria, and chemical reaction.

First, the respiratory chain is thermodynamically ... However, interpretations that contravene the laws of thermodynamics, or at least require re-evaluation of fundamental tenets of bioenergetics ...