The flow of all fluids, whether liquid or gas, will have one of three states: laminar, turbulent, and transitional. This article discusses flow principles and pressure-based flow measurement. Laminar ...

Recent advances in flow dynamics and turbulence transition have significantly deepened our understanding of how laminar flows evolve into complex, chaotic turbulent regimes. While the phenomenon ...

Water issuing from an ordinary faucet tells a complex tale of its journey through a pipe. At high velocities, the faucet's gushing stream is turbulent: chaotic, disorderly -- like the crash of ocean ...