This is a fallacy based on a misunderstanding of how conditional probabilities work, especially when applied to small subgroups of a population or very unlikely events. The probability that A ...

Conditional probability occurs when it is given that something has happened. (Hint: look for the word “given” in the question. The probability that a tennis player wins the first set of a ...

Conditional probability occurs when it is given that something has happened. (Hint: look for the word “given” in the question. The probability that a tennis player wins the first set of a ...

Expectation and the Lebesgue integral: convergence theorems and properties. Different modes of convergence of random variables. Conditional expectation: definition, properties, examples. Changes of ...